|
Christian von Ehrenfels (also ''Maria Christian Julius Leopold Freiherr von Ehrenfels''; June 20, 1859 – September 8, 1932)〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-Freiherr-von-Ehrenfels )〕 was an Austrian philosopher, and is known as one of the founders and precursors of Gestalt psychology. Christian von Ehrenfels was born on June 20, 1859 in Rodaun near Vienna and grew up at his father's castle Brunn am Walde in Lower Austria. He joined secondary school in Krems and first studied at the Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Vienna and then changed to the Universität Wien. There he studied philosophy, was a pupil of Franz Brentano and Alexius Meinong, promoted under supervision of Meinong, following him after his move to the Karl-Franzens-Universität (Graz), in 1885 on the topic of ''Größenrelationen und Zahlen. Eine psychologische Studie'' ("Relations of magnitude and numbers. A psychological study"). He obtained his habilitiation in 1888 in Vienna with the work ''Über Fühlen und Wollen'' ("On feeling and willing"). From 1896 to 1929 he was professor of philosophy at the German university of Prague. Interested in his lectures were among others Max Brod, Franz Kafka and Felix Weltsch. ==Gestalt Psychology== The idea of ''Gestalt'' has its roots in theories by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Ernst Mach. Max Wertheimer is to be credited as the founder of the movement of ''Gestalt'' psychology. The concept of ''Gestalt'' itself was first introduced in contemporary philosophy and psychology by Ehrenfels in his famous work ''Über Gestaltqualitäten'' (''On the Qualities of Form'', 1890). Both he and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work ''Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen'' (''Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations'', 1886) to formulate their very similar concepts of ''Gestalt'' and Figural Moment respectively. His analysis of the transition of a melody to another key became famous. Ehrenfels explained that a melody consists of individual sounds, but that it is considerably more than the sum of these notes. The individual notes would be able to join themselves for completely different melodies, while the melody would remain the same, if transposed into another key and containing single tones. This new opinion, that came up to a “perception of the whole” compared to its “parts” Ehrenfels called ''Gestaltqualitäten'' (''Figure qualities''). (Compare with: Aristotle (trans. 1952) “In the case of all things that have several parts and in which the whole is not like a heap, but is a particular something besides the parts, there must be some such uniting factor”.) In the 1890s, Ehrenfels-who was a passionate fan of Richard Wagner-befriended a fellow Wagnerite, the British born German ''völkisch'' thinker Houston Stewart Chamberlain, "the Evangelist of Race".〔Field, p. 103.〕 Ehrenfels, who despite being a Wagnerite and a friend of Chamberlain's did not generally associate himself with the more extreme racist and anti-Semitic wing of the Wagner movement that Chamberlain came to be the leader of.〔Field, p. 128.〕 Ehrenfels never accepted Chamberlain's anti-Semitism, but he was influenced by Chamberlain's theory that the Aryan race was the greatest and best race of them all. Chamberlain was later to have an affair with Ehrenfels's wife, Baroness Emma von Ehrenfels.〔Field, p. 348.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Christian von Ehrenfels」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|